EMPLOYEE HEALTH STATUS OF THE PROBLEM
PRODUCTION CENTER IN TEMPE
ABSTRACT: In every company has a risk to occupational health. At Tempe production center will be able to produce air pollution and the contact to the chemicals, which can cause problems such as the respiratory system, Integumentary system and the digestive system.
Keywords: Health Status, Production Tempe
Health status is the most important factor in making a work activity in which the employees believe strongly in maintaining cleanliness of soybean production to factory production manufacture of tempeh, so that the processing can affect the quality of soybean production for the better and the employees can also be protected from a disease. Harrington (2003) shows the relationship between the health status of workers with the ability to undertake job actions aimed at preventing health problems rather than treat it.
In the health status of work in a work has the harmonization effort between work capacity, work load and working environment for every worker in a healthy manner without endangering himself or the people around him, in order to obtain optimal productivity (Kes Act 1992 Article 23 yrs.) In 1950 a joint commission between the ILO and the WHO definition of health set to work. According to the commission, an occupational health promotion and maintenance of the livelihoods of physical, mental and social worker in any position with the best.
The elements of a managed health care put forward in health maintenance organization, an organization providing services that selected, and the further development of business systems that managed health care will remain the main target of those who chose plukralistik health care system, which is more like the concept of corporate health services, in general, the goal of managed health care is to provide high quality health services and at competitive cost (Kongstvedt, 2000).
In the science of studying health problems of two-way relationship between employment and health, health with this work not only involves the relationship between the effects of work environment with health workers, but the relationship between the health status of workers with the ability to do the work to be done, his aim is the promotion of occupational health andkesejahtraan health maintenance physical, mental, and social workers on the factory work.
Require occupational health nurse's role in the work, in which health workers work in the workplace to include all the factors that affects one's occupational health work place. Aims occupational health for workers to obtain the highest degree of health, both physically and mentally, with preventive and curative efforts of health problems from work, the environment (Harrington & F. S. Gill, 2005). Occupational health is a health science or medical specialty and practice that aims for the workers earn the highest degree of health, both physically, mentally or socially with the efforts of preventive and curative, against health disorders caused by work factors and work environment, and against common diseases.
Health and Safety (K3) as part of efforts to improve all parties, especially employers and workers about the importance of attention to safety and health of the working environment of workers and employers need to consider safety and occupational health as an effort to improve all parties, especially employers and workers about the importance of attention to issues of safety and health working environment.
Workers and employers need to pay attention to self protection (Artiningtyas, Dita, 2009).
The role and importance of safety and health have emphasis in the national development of Indonesia is in the field of economic development, especially industrial. The phenomenon that occurs is the number of industry increases, labor increases and increased use of hazardous materials. This will cause problems such as occupational safety and hazardous conditions for health workers and communities, working kecelekaan increases, also questioned the efficiency and productivity.
After conducting preliminary studies on soybean production centers in poor cities, researchers have some workers less concerned about health, got 2 people (4.44%) of workers worked very casually ate some soy beans that are processed and 43 men (95.55 %) on average workers who wore no masks. After investigators interviewed the workers, many workers who do not understand the benefits and impact of eating soy masks that are in the process of treatment for health. View a phenomenon which researchers believe there is a lack of health care in the workplace caused the workers lack an understanding of the effects of tempe manufacturing process for occupational health such as disease intergumen system, respiratory system and digestive system so that workers are paying less attention to the diseases caused by work.
DISCUSSION
Concept of Health Status of work
Status of occupational health is a state or condition of a person's body held in a work activity in daily life both inside and outside the work environment.In the health sciences explore the relationship between the two directions between work and health, this is not just about the relationship between health effects of work environment with work, but the relationship between the health status of workers with the skills to do the job action aimed at preventing health problems from the treat (JM Harrington & FS Gill edition. 3, 2003).
In the health sciences / medicine concerning occupational health practice in aiming for the worker / community health workers who earn as high, either physically, mentally or socially with the efforts towards preventive and curative health penyakit-penyakit/gangguan-gangguan caused by factors workers and work environment factors, as well as against common diseases (Effendi, 1998).
The main objective health status is
1) Prevention and eradication of diseases caused by work.
2) Maintenance and improvement of nutritional health workforce.
3) Care and enhances the efficiency of labor productivity.
4) Eradication of work fatigue and increase the excitement and enjoyment in work.
5) Protection of the community around a company to avoid the dangers of pollution posed by the company's products.
6) Protection of public from the hazards that may result from the company's products.
Concept Hygiene company
The concept of hygiene company is specialized in hygiene science and practice by conducting research on the factors that cause disease in qualitative and quantitative work environment and the enterprise through measurement results are used for basic corrective actions to the corporate environment with emphasis on action mencegahan, for work and surrounding communities company to avoid a hazard due to possible employment and improve the health of the highest (Effendi: 1998).
In association manual labor hygiene didenifisikan English term as follows: "Hygiene of work" is steeped in applied science problem identification, evaluation pengukuram control design in accordance with basic standards of risk factors of physics, chemistry and biology that arise and come
from the workplace that could affect the health or welfare of those who work or in society.
Concept Hygiene and health companies
Hygiene and health companies are part of public health efforts aimed at community workers, community enterprises and the general public who become consumers of the results of the company's production.
The purpose of hygiene and occupational health company
a). For community workers, employees of a company or other independent workers can achieve the highest degree of health, both mental, physical and social.
b). In order for communities around the company is protected from the dangers of contamination by substances that come from the company
c). For the production company does not endanger public health consumers.
d). For work efficiency and productivity of employees increased power and thus will improve also the production company.
Efforts hygiene and occupational health company
a). Prevention and eradication of diseases and accidents caused by work.
b). Maintenance and improvement of health manpower.
c). Maintenance and improvement of efficiency and productivity of human labor.
d). Maintenance and improvement of hygiene and sanitation companies in general such as cleanliness of the room, garbage disposal and the remnants of processing.
e). Eradication of work fatigue and increasing working excitement
f). Protection for the community around a company to avoid contamination by materials from the company concerned.
g). Protection of public (consumer) of the possible dangers posed by the results of the company's production.
Healthy working environment.
A healthy working environment is a work environment that meets the health requirements are highly coveted by every worker, in order to feel comfortable in conducting its work, which ultimately can improve the working produksifitas. Healthy work environment include:
1. Lighting the workplace.
2. Sufficient air ventilation.
3. Structuring and good workplace design.
4. Indoor air temperature settings that meet the standards.
5. Bathroom and excreta disposal sites are eligible.
6. Clean water sources are eligible.
7. Disposal of waste water or have the tools to process the waste is removed.
8. Special landfills for hazardous materials
9. Cafeteria workers are eligible.
10. Provide a special resting place and a place of worship.
11. Provide the dressing room.
12. Has the isolation room for dangerous materials.
13. Having a health service.
Employment problems that reduce produksifitas work.
- Physical Problems
1. Temperature.
Effect of high temperatures can cause heat stroke, heat cramps. While low temperatures can cause chilblains, trench loot or frostbite.
2. Lighting or lighting.
Poor lighting or too bright cause abnormalities of vision and facilitate the occurrence of accidents.The provisions of lighting and building lighting the workplace include:
a. The distance between the building or buildings do not interfere with the entry of sunlight to the place of work.
b. The windows and vents for the entry of sunlight should be enough, all at least one sixth of the total building area.
c. If sunlight is not sufficient room in which the work must be equipped with adequate lighting.
d. Lighting the workplace does not cause the room temperature heat, not exceeding 32 ° C.
e. Source of lighting should not cause glare and shadows that disrupt work.
f. Light source must produce a permanent lighting power and spread, and not blinking.
3. Waste.
As we've ever seen, that the pollution of industrial waste containing materials that contain harmful toxins. Toxicity caused by this waste depends on the type and characteristics, both in the short and long term. Given the nature, characteristics, and the impact of waste in the present and the future necessary measures of prevention, mitigation and effective processing.
The following physical characteristics possessed among other industrial liquid wastes as follows:
a. Solids.
Derived from organic or an organic material, either dissolved or mengedap. Pengedapan basic section will result in siltation of water on the basis of the recipient agencies, in addition to causing the growth of certain aquatic plants like water hyacinth also be harmful to other living creatures in the water. Many solids show the number of sludge contained in wastewater.
b. Turbidity.
Turbidity indicates the optical properties of water which causes the refraction of light into the water.Turbidity will restrict the lighting into the water. This property is due to the floating material and organic material that decomposes, such as, micro-organisms, silt, clay and other objects that float and float. Dikonterversikan water turbidity value into the size of SiO2 in units of mg / l. The more turbid the water the higher the electrical conductivity and the higher the density. (Chandra. 2006).
c. Bau.
The smell arising from the activity of microorganisms which describes the organic matter to produce a particular gas. The smell also arise due to chemical reactions that cause gas, the weak strong odor generated depending on the type and amount of gas produced.
d. Temperature
Waste water temperature will affect the recipient's body if there are substantial differences in temperature. Temperature also can affect the speed of chemical reaction and way of life in the water. Show temperature changes of chemical and biological activity in solid and gas in water. In the high temperature decomposition occurs and additional levels of oxidation of organic substances.
e. Color.
Colours arise from the presence of a substance dissolved or suspended in water, in addition to certain dyes containing heavy metals.
- Chemical Issues
In the tempeh industry uses raw materials that are composed of chemical compounds. There are materialized powder, crystal, or liquid, semi-liguid harmful to human health. Chemicals will be in contact with skin of industrial workers in various ways, namely through contact with skin or by inhalation in the form of gas or vapor.
The materials are corrosive, can cause damage to the affected body part spill onto the skin, eye or can also be swallowed, ingested, or inhaled into the lungs. Below are described the consequences if Hahan contact with materials that are corrosive / toxic among others:
1) Sulfide Acid (H2SO4), is corrosive and toxic to skin tissue. Contact with skin causes burns and damage tissue. Sucking haze of sulfuric acid can cause inflammation of the upper throat, causing bronchitis, and when contacts with high concentrations can cause collapse.
2) Acid Chloride (HCL), this material is very strong oxidising agents. Harmful if exposed to heat. The effect on human health that will produce methemoglobin in the blood and can damage red blood grains will eventually damage the kidneys also fruit heart muscles.
3) Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), solid or solution is corrosive to human skin if the contact is too long, can cause tissue damage. Sucking on the nose can cause irritation to mucous membranes.
4) Formalin (formaldehyde), irritations of the skin eye mucous membranes if ingested can cause vomiting, diarrhea, collapse. Are carcinogenic to the lungs.
5) Arsenic (AS), arsenic can be inhaled if it can cause cause vomiting, nausea, diarrhea. Damage to arsenic causes nervous system disorders, liver damage, impaired vascular system, skin pigmentation and can cause cancer.
6) Naphthols (C10HOH), when inhaled can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and even anemia.Naphthols can be absorbed by the skin.
7) Pheriol (C6H3OH), the absorption of phenol solution on the skin occurs rapidly. Contact with a solution of phenol for 30 minutes to several hours.cause of death, to contact with skin covering an area of 64 inches. Symptoms that arise when someone poisoning phenol dizziness, muscle weakness, blurred vision, ear buzzing, gasping breath.
8) Chromium (Cr), which is highly corrosive acid on the skin and mucous membranes (mucous membrane contact with Cr are directly and continuously the sensitive skin will cause sores (ulcers) as wide as the pencil tip around the nail and the back of his hand.
- The problem of infectious diseases.
For example, anthrax disease caused by bacterium bacillus anthracis in leather tanning.Infectious diseases on the employees who work in microbiology or in the treatment of patients with infectious diseases.
- Problems of physiology.
Diseases caused due to the nature of the body that is not good, because the construction of machines that do not match, or a seat that is not appropriate.
Occupational disease for employees
No one knows how bad the health conditions related to work, mankind has been prone to hazards in the daily work long before the revolution and before the industrial workplace. This can lead to illness for karyawaan workplace. Occupational disease can be prevented and the severity of disease caused by a job depends on the type and level of illness. Examples of such occupational disease which can impair the respiratory system, Integumentary system, and digestive system as follows:
- Respiratory System.
Carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange between blood and air takes place in the alveoli of the lungs, the exchange is governed by the speed and depth of reciprocal air (Respiratory), and depending on the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood capillary walls of the alveoli. Disorders that commonly mainly depend on the type agentnya, such as: shortness of breath which is a disease characterized by the excessive response of the tracheal bronchus to a variety of stimuli, which resulted in narrowing of airways that are widespread throughout the lung and the degree can change sepontan.
There are several factors that affect the respiratory system caused by work on soybean production center that is because uapan water used in boiling soybeans, while mixing the chemicals and do not wear a mask when working take place either in the milling process as well as when mixing yeast / chemicals and can be seen also from factors such as waste effluent. Viewed from the liquid waste generated factors contain suspended solids or dissolved, will experience changes in physical, chemical, and biological toxic substances that will produce or create the media for the growth of bacteria where the bacteria can be either germs or other harmful germs either alone or in Tempe the human body. If allowed in the waste water will change color into black and foul-smelling brown.The stench of this will lead to respiratory diseases and other diseases (Pramudyanto, 2001).
There are some who become respiratory system disorders, among others, could affect:
● Impaired gas exchange: the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide interference occurring diffusion in the lungs (alveoli).
● Impaired breathing pattern: a disturbance in the way of breathing, trouble could lie in the expansion of the chest, so that air entering the lungs is not optimal.
● Impaired streets breath: a disturbance that can clog the airway so that inspiration and expiration is not optimal, such as airway blockage due to foreign objects or the presence of secretions.
Viewed from causes include:
Respiratory infection caused by pathogenic bacteria. Non-infectious, such as allergies, respiratory muscle weakness, chest trauma and therefore interfering with the lungs, circulatory disorders, respiratory tract disorders.
- Integumentary System.
Viewed from the Integumentary system, Integumentary disease is an active organ that serves as a protector, secretion, excretion, temperature control and sensation. (Anne Griffin, 2005). The skin is divided into 3 layers as follows:
a. Epidermis (outer layer)
Is a thin membrane consisting of layers of cells that do not contain blood and lymph pembulu.
b. Dermis (inner layer)
It is a thicker layer of skin which consists of bonding collagen and elastic fibers to contain the epidermis, composed of nerve fibers, blood vessels, kenjar sweat, sebaceous glands and hair follicles via the dermal layer.
c. Sub Cutis.
Loose connective tissue with many fat cells, also contains nerves, blood vessels, lymph vessels, bladder, and hair on the top layer contained the sweat glands. Gland sub cotis the least found at the base of the oral mucosa.
Viewed from the causes of the Integumentary system disorders, causes of the disorder Integumentary system in Tempe production center because:
1. Slippage in the workplace when work took place to cause ulcers or blisters on the hands, feet and entire body.
2. At the time of the process of mixing chemicals / tempeh can lead to inflammation, wounds and burns on the hands.
3. Eating soy can lead to excessive growth of acne on the face because there are a lot of the fat content of soybean.
4. At work place can lead to ulcers or blisters, infections, fleas and odema water on the skin due to soybean cooking water at work and the result does not use protective equipment such as boat shoes and use gloves.
-Digestive system.
Food and other materials (intentionally or not swallowed in the accident) will be digested and absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Generally food first broken down into chemicals are easily absorbed through the work of salivary enzymes and sap the stomach, pancreas and intestine.Hydrochloric acid and bile juice (secreted by the liver) is another important agent in the digestive process.
In occupational exposure, the gastrointestinal tract is the main street entry of toxic substances into the body, particularly the dense toxic substances. Also if the material particles carried by air is also cleaned from the lung and deposited dinasofaring, the particles may be swallowed and absorbed the gastrointestinal tract.
A large number of chemicals are corrosive and ingestion causes severe damage to the gastrointestinal tract, irrespective of systemic work. Material substances that are normally considered to be corrosive (eg most of the solvent) is very irritant to the tissues and cause vomiting, pain and diarrhea. Absorption of such substances, almost always occurs and can cause systemic poisoning. In the long-term exposure, some chemicals cause kerjatoksik mainly on the gastrointestinal tract, although a variety of toxic substances can also be accompanied by symptoms or signs of gastrointestinal involvement.
Long-term exposure to the vapor of nitric acid, sulfuric and hydrochloric can cause erosion of the upper and lower incisors typical of the incisal edges and extends the labial surface. Enamel may be damaged so that exposure detin attack and cause brown or black discoloration of the teeth.This condition is usually painless but unsightly.With regular dental examinations, conditions can be detected at an early stage. Protective mask may be useful, but control measures release of acid vapor is the only effective means of prevention of yellow phosphorus causes necrosis of the jaw bone, early stages are marked with a toothache and dental inflammation.
Causes of the disorders of the digestive system in terms of physical, eating soy beans in the processing stage can disrupt the digestive system because there are many other causes of germs that can cause diarrhea and other diseases as well as from the waste disposal itself can also cause odors that could cause nausea and vomiting for local workers.
Efforts to prevent occupational disease.
a. Substitution.
Ie replace hazardous materials with materials that are less harmful or not harmful at all, such as carbon tetrachloride is replaced with triklor-ethylene.
b. General ventilation.
Ie the air stream as much as possible according to the computation into work space, for which hazardous materials are lower levels of harm, namely the value of the threshold levels.
c. Ventilation local exit.
Is a tool that can suck the air from a particular workplace, for hazardous materials from the site can be streamed out.
d. Isolation
Is to isolate harmful corporate processes, such as isolation or frenzied machine so that the noise caused by decrease and not be a nuisance to the workers.
e. Protective clothing or equipment
Protective equipment on the job can be, goggles, masks, helmets, gloves, shoes or clothing specially designed for a specific job.
f. Examinations before work.
Ie health checks on prospective employees to determine whether prospective employees in accordance with the work that will be both physically and mentally.
g. Periodic health examination
Are medical examinations that are conducted regularly to the job, whether there are health problems arising from work performed. Can be done once every 6 months or 1 year, or as needed.
h. Illumination before work.
Lighting before the work is aimed for workers understand and comply with regulations, so that the work more carefully and not exposed to penykit caused by work.
i. Health education.
Health education of workers is essential to safety in working, so that workers remain vigilant in carrying out the work.
Conclusion
The health status of employees with a healthy work environment is a requirement that must be met to support a work environment that the health condition of course highly coveted by every worker, in order to feel comfortable in doing the job activity, and impaired respiratory system, Integumentary system and the digestive system can be avoided so that ultimately to improve the working produksifitas.
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Artiningtyas, Dita. 2009. As well as Entrepreneur Workers Need Protection Observing Self. (Online) htt: / / www. kotabogor. go. en Accessed on 23 July 2009).
Chandra, Budiman. 2006. Introduction to Environmental Health. Book Medical Publishers, Jakarta: EGC.
Harington, J. M & F. S. Gill, Occupational Health pocket book, edition. 3, London: ECG, 2003 Environmental Management. Jakarta: Ministry of Environment.
Hastuti, Tri. 2002. Health and Safety. Jakarta: Indonesian universities.
Notoatmodjo, 2003. Public Health Sciences. The second mold PT Asdi Manahastya: Jakarta.
Nursalam, 2002. Concept and Application of Research Methods in Nursing. New York: Sameba Medika.
Potter, patrecia A and Anne Griffin Perry, 2005, Fundamentals of nursing: Concepts, Process and Practice 4th edition, London: ECG
Santoso, Gempur. 2004. Manajmen Occupational Safety and Health. jakarta: achievement of the literature.
Wiyono, george. Science Management of Health Services. Volume2, 2002. Surabaya: Erland University Press.
PRODUCTION CENTER IN TEMPE
ABSTRACT: In every company has a risk to occupational health. At Tempe production center will be able to produce air pollution and the contact to the chemicals, which can cause problems such as the respiratory system, Integumentary system and the digestive system.
Keywords: Health Status, Production Tempe
Health status is the most important factor in making a work activity in which the employees believe strongly in maintaining cleanliness of soybean production to factory production manufacture of tempeh, so that the processing can affect the quality of soybean production for the better and the employees can also be protected from a disease. Harrington (2003) shows the relationship between the health status of workers with the ability to undertake job actions aimed at preventing health problems rather than treat it.
In the health status of work in a work has the harmonization effort between work capacity, work load and working environment for every worker in a healthy manner without endangering himself or the people around him, in order to obtain optimal productivity (Kes Act 1992 Article 23 yrs.) In 1950 a joint commission between the ILO and the WHO definition of health set to work. According to the commission, an occupational health promotion and maintenance of the livelihoods of physical, mental and social worker in any position with the best.
The elements of a managed health care put forward in health maintenance organization, an organization providing services that selected, and the further development of business systems that managed health care will remain the main target of those who chose plukralistik health care system, which is more like the concept of corporate health services, in general, the goal of managed health care is to provide high quality health services and at competitive cost (Kongstvedt, 2000).
In the science of studying health problems of two-way relationship between employment and health, health with this work not only involves the relationship between the effects of work environment with health workers, but the relationship between the health status of workers with the ability to do the work to be done, his aim is the promotion of occupational health andkesejahtraan health maintenance physical, mental, and social workers on the factory work.
Require occupational health nurse's role in the work, in which health workers work in the workplace to include all the factors that affects one's occupational health work place. Aims occupational health for workers to obtain the highest degree of health, both physically and mentally, with preventive and curative efforts of health problems from work, the environment (Harrington & F. S. Gill, 2005). Occupational health is a health science or medical specialty and practice that aims for the workers earn the highest degree of health, both physically, mentally or socially with the efforts of preventive and curative, against health disorders caused by work factors and work environment, and against common diseases.
Health and Safety (K3) as part of efforts to improve all parties, especially employers and workers about the importance of attention to safety and health of the working environment of workers and employers need to consider safety and occupational health as an effort to improve all parties, especially employers and workers about the importance of attention to issues of safety and health working environment.
Workers and employers need to pay attention to self protection (Artiningtyas, Dita, 2009).
The role and importance of safety and health have emphasis in the national development of Indonesia is in the field of economic development, especially industrial. The phenomenon that occurs is the number of industry increases, labor increases and increased use of hazardous materials. This will cause problems such as occupational safety and hazardous conditions for health workers and communities, working kecelekaan increases, also questioned the efficiency and productivity.
After conducting preliminary studies on soybean production centers in poor cities, researchers have some workers less concerned about health, got 2 people (4.44%) of workers worked very casually ate some soy beans that are processed and 43 men (95.55 %) on average workers who wore no masks. After investigators interviewed the workers, many workers who do not understand the benefits and impact of eating soy masks that are in the process of treatment for health. View a phenomenon which researchers believe there is a lack of health care in the workplace caused the workers lack an understanding of the effects of tempe manufacturing process for occupational health such as disease intergumen system, respiratory system and digestive system so that workers are paying less attention to the diseases caused by work.
DISCUSSION
Concept of Health Status of work
Status of occupational health is a state or condition of a person's body held in a work activity in daily life both inside and outside the work environment.In the health sciences explore the relationship between the two directions between work and health, this is not just about the relationship between health effects of work environment with work, but the relationship between the health status of workers with the skills to do the job action aimed at preventing health problems from the treat (JM Harrington & FS Gill edition. 3, 2003).
In the health sciences / medicine concerning occupational health practice in aiming for the worker / community health workers who earn as high, either physically, mentally or socially with the efforts towards preventive and curative health penyakit-penyakit/gangguan-gangguan caused by factors workers and work environment factors, as well as against common diseases (Effendi, 1998).
The main objective health status is
1) Prevention and eradication of diseases caused by work.
2) Maintenance and improvement of nutritional health workforce.
3) Care and enhances the efficiency of labor productivity.
4) Eradication of work fatigue and increase the excitement and enjoyment in work.
5) Protection of the community around a company to avoid the dangers of pollution posed by the company's products.
6) Protection of public from the hazards that may result from the company's products.
Concept Hygiene company
The concept of hygiene company is specialized in hygiene science and practice by conducting research on the factors that cause disease in qualitative and quantitative work environment and the enterprise through measurement results are used for basic corrective actions to the corporate environment with emphasis on action mencegahan, for work and surrounding communities company to avoid a hazard due to possible employment and improve the health of the highest (Effendi: 1998).
In association manual labor hygiene didenifisikan English term as follows: "Hygiene of work" is steeped in applied science problem identification, evaluation pengukuram control design in accordance with basic standards of risk factors of physics, chemistry and biology that arise and come
from the workplace that could affect the health or welfare of those who work or in society.
Concept Hygiene and health companies
Hygiene and health companies are part of public health efforts aimed at community workers, community enterprises and the general public who become consumers of the results of the company's production.
The purpose of hygiene and occupational health company
a). For community workers, employees of a company or other independent workers can achieve the highest degree of health, both mental, physical and social.
b). In order for communities around the company is protected from the dangers of contamination by substances that come from the company
c). For the production company does not endanger public health consumers.
d). For work efficiency and productivity of employees increased power and thus will improve also the production company.
Efforts hygiene and occupational health company
a). Prevention and eradication of diseases and accidents caused by work.
b). Maintenance and improvement of health manpower.
c). Maintenance and improvement of efficiency and productivity of human labor.
d). Maintenance and improvement of hygiene and sanitation companies in general such as cleanliness of the room, garbage disposal and the remnants of processing.
e). Eradication of work fatigue and increasing working excitement
f). Protection for the community around a company to avoid contamination by materials from the company concerned.
g). Protection of public (consumer) of the possible dangers posed by the results of the company's production.
Healthy working environment.
A healthy working environment is a work environment that meets the health requirements are highly coveted by every worker, in order to feel comfortable in conducting its work, which ultimately can improve the working produksifitas. Healthy work environment include:
1. Lighting the workplace.
2. Sufficient air ventilation.
3. Structuring and good workplace design.
4. Indoor air temperature settings that meet the standards.
5. Bathroom and excreta disposal sites are eligible.
6. Clean water sources are eligible.
7. Disposal of waste water or have the tools to process the waste is removed.
8. Special landfills for hazardous materials
9. Cafeteria workers are eligible.
10. Provide a special resting place and a place of worship.
11. Provide the dressing room.
12. Has the isolation room for dangerous materials.
13. Having a health service.
Employment problems that reduce produksifitas work.
- Physical Problems
1. Temperature.
Effect of high temperatures can cause heat stroke, heat cramps. While low temperatures can cause chilblains, trench loot or frostbite.
2. Lighting or lighting.
Poor lighting or too bright cause abnormalities of vision and facilitate the occurrence of accidents.The provisions of lighting and building lighting the workplace include:
a. The distance between the building or buildings do not interfere with the entry of sunlight to the place of work.
b. The windows and vents for the entry of sunlight should be enough, all at least one sixth of the total building area.
c. If sunlight is not sufficient room in which the work must be equipped with adequate lighting.
d. Lighting the workplace does not cause the room temperature heat, not exceeding 32 ° C.
e. Source of lighting should not cause glare and shadows that disrupt work.
f. Light source must produce a permanent lighting power and spread, and not blinking.
3. Waste.
As we've ever seen, that the pollution of industrial waste containing materials that contain harmful toxins. Toxicity caused by this waste depends on the type and characteristics, both in the short and long term. Given the nature, characteristics, and the impact of waste in the present and the future necessary measures of prevention, mitigation and effective processing.
The following physical characteristics possessed among other industrial liquid wastes as follows:
a. Solids.
Derived from organic or an organic material, either dissolved or mengedap. Pengedapan basic section will result in siltation of water on the basis of the recipient agencies, in addition to causing the growth of certain aquatic plants like water hyacinth also be harmful to other living creatures in the water. Many solids show the number of sludge contained in wastewater.
b. Turbidity.
Turbidity indicates the optical properties of water which causes the refraction of light into the water.Turbidity will restrict the lighting into the water. This property is due to the floating material and organic material that decomposes, such as, micro-organisms, silt, clay and other objects that float and float. Dikonterversikan water turbidity value into the size of SiO2 in units of mg / l. The more turbid the water the higher the electrical conductivity and the higher the density. (Chandra. 2006).
c. Bau.
The smell arising from the activity of microorganisms which describes the organic matter to produce a particular gas. The smell also arise due to chemical reactions that cause gas, the weak strong odor generated depending on the type and amount of gas produced.
d. Temperature
Waste water temperature will affect the recipient's body if there are substantial differences in temperature. Temperature also can affect the speed of chemical reaction and way of life in the water. Show temperature changes of chemical and biological activity in solid and gas in water. In the high temperature decomposition occurs and additional levels of oxidation of organic substances.
e. Color.
Colours arise from the presence of a substance dissolved or suspended in water, in addition to certain dyes containing heavy metals.
- Chemical Issues
In the tempeh industry uses raw materials that are composed of chemical compounds. There are materialized powder, crystal, or liquid, semi-liguid harmful to human health. Chemicals will be in contact with skin of industrial workers in various ways, namely through contact with skin or by inhalation in the form of gas or vapor.
The materials are corrosive, can cause damage to the affected body part spill onto the skin, eye or can also be swallowed, ingested, or inhaled into the lungs. Below are described the consequences if Hahan contact with materials that are corrosive / toxic among others:
1) Sulfide Acid (H2SO4), is corrosive and toxic to skin tissue. Contact with skin causes burns and damage tissue. Sucking haze of sulfuric acid can cause inflammation of the upper throat, causing bronchitis, and when contacts with high concentrations can cause collapse.
2) Acid Chloride (HCL), this material is very strong oxidising agents. Harmful if exposed to heat. The effect on human health that will produce methemoglobin in the blood and can damage red blood grains will eventually damage the kidneys also fruit heart muscles.
3) Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), solid or solution is corrosive to human skin if the contact is too long, can cause tissue damage. Sucking on the nose can cause irritation to mucous membranes.
4) Formalin (formaldehyde), irritations of the skin eye mucous membranes if ingested can cause vomiting, diarrhea, collapse. Are carcinogenic to the lungs.
5) Arsenic (AS), arsenic can be inhaled if it can cause cause vomiting, nausea, diarrhea. Damage to arsenic causes nervous system disorders, liver damage, impaired vascular system, skin pigmentation and can cause cancer.
6) Naphthols (C10HOH), when inhaled can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and even anemia.Naphthols can be absorbed by the skin.
7) Pheriol (C6H3OH), the absorption of phenol solution on the skin occurs rapidly. Contact with a solution of phenol for 30 minutes to several hours.cause of death, to contact with skin covering an area of 64 inches. Symptoms that arise when someone poisoning phenol dizziness, muscle weakness, blurred vision, ear buzzing, gasping breath.
8) Chromium (Cr), which is highly corrosive acid on the skin and mucous membranes (mucous membrane contact with Cr are directly and continuously the sensitive skin will cause sores (ulcers) as wide as the pencil tip around the nail and the back of his hand.
- The problem of infectious diseases.
For example, anthrax disease caused by bacterium bacillus anthracis in leather tanning.Infectious diseases on the employees who work in microbiology or in the treatment of patients with infectious diseases.
- Problems of physiology.
Diseases caused due to the nature of the body that is not good, because the construction of machines that do not match, or a seat that is not appropriate.
Occupational disease for employees
No one knows how bad the health conditions related to work, mankind has been prone to hazards in the daily work long before the revolution and before the industrial workplace. This can lead to illness for karyawaan workplace. Occupational disease can be prevented and the severity of disease caused by a job depends on the type and level of illness. Examples of such occupational disease which can impair the respiratory system, Integumentary system, and digestive system as follows:
- Respiratory System.
Carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange between blood and air takes place in the alveoli of the lungs, the exchange is governed by the speed and depth of reciprocal air (Respiratory), and depending on the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood capillary walls of the alveoli. Disorders that commonly mainly depend on the type agentnya, such as: shortness of breath which is a disease characterized by the excessive response of the tracheal bronchus to a variety of stimuli, which resulted in narrowing of airways that are widespread throughout the lung and the degree can change sepontan.
There are several factors that affect the respiratory system caused by work on soybean production center that is because uapan water used in boiling soybeans, while mixing the chemicals and do not wear a mask when working take place either in the milling process as well as when mixing yeast / chemicals and can be seen also from factors such as waste effluent. Viewed from the liquid waste generated factors contain suspended solids or dissolved, will experience changes in physical, chemical, and biological toxic substances that will produce or create the media for the growth of bacteria where the bacteria can be either germs or other harmful germs either alone or in Tempe the human body. If allowed in the waste water will change color into black and foul-smelling brown.The stench of this will lead to respiratory diseases and other diseases (Pramudyanto, 2001).
There are some who become respiratory system disorders, among others, could affect:
● Impaired gas exchange: the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide interference occurring diffusion in the lungs (alveoli).
● Impaired breathing pattern: a disturbance in the way of breathing, trouble could lie in the expansion of the chest, so that air entering the lungs is not optimal.
● Impaired streets breath: a disturbance that can clog the airway so that inspiration and expiration is not optimal, such as airway blockage due to foreign objects or the presence of secretions.
Viewed from causes include:
Respiratory infection caused by pathogenic bacteria. Non-infectious, such as allergies, respiratory muscle weakness, chest trauma and therefore interfering with the lungs, circulatory disorders, respiratory tract disorders.
- Integumentary System.
Viewed from the Integumentary system, Integumentary disease is an active organ that serves as a protector, secretion, excretion, temperature control and sensation. (Anne Griffin, 2005). The skin is divided into 3 layers as follows:
a. Epidermis (outer layer)
Is a thin membrane consisting of layers of cells that do not contain blood and lymph pembulu.
b. Dermis (inner layer)
It is a thicker layer of skin which consists of bonding collagen and elastic fibers to contain the epidermis, composed of nerve fibers, blood vessels, kenjar sweat, sebaceous glands and hair follicles via the dermal layer.
c. Sub Cutis.
Loose connective tissue with many fat cells, also contains nerves, blood vessels, lymph vessels, bladder, and hair on the top layer contained the sweat glands. Gland sub cotis the least found at the base of the oral mucosa.
Viewed from the causes of the Integumentary system disorders, causes of the disorder Integumentary system in Tempe production center because:
1. Slippage in the workplace when work took place to cause ulcers or blisters on the hands, feet and entire body.
2. At the time of the process of mixing chemicals / tempeh can lead to inflammation, wounds and burns on the hands.
3. Eating soy can lead to excessive growth of acne on the face because there are a lot of the fat content of soybean.
4. At work place can lead to ulcers or blisters, infections, fleas and odema water on the skin due to soybean cooking water at work and the result does not use protective equipment such as boat shoes and use gloves.
-Digestive system.
Food and other materials (intentionally or not swallowed in the accident) will be digested and absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Generally food first broken down into chemicals are easily absorbed through the work of salivary enzymes and sap the stomach, pancreas and intestine.Hydrochloric acid and bile juice (secreted by the liver) is another important agent in the digestive process.
In occupational exposure, the gastrointestinal tract is the main street entry of toxic substances into the body, particularly the dense toxic substances. Also if the material particles carried by air is also cleaned from the lung and deposited dinasofaring, the particles may be swallowed and absorbed the gastrointestinal tract.
A large number of chemicals are corrosive and ingestion causes severe damage to the gastrointestinal tract, irrespective of systemic work. Material substances that are normally considered to be corrosive (eg most of the solvent) is very irritant to the tissues and cause vomiting, pain and diarrhea. Absorption of such substances, almost always occurs and can cause systemic poisoning. In the long-term exposure, some chemicals cause kerjatoksik mainly on the gastrointestinal tract, although a variety of toxic substances can also be accompanied by symptoms or signs of gastrointestinal involvement.
Long-term exposure to the vapor of nitric acid, sulfuric and hydrochloric can cause erosion of the upper and lower incisors typical of the incisal edges and extends the labial surface. Enamel may be damaged so that exposure detin attack and cause brown or black discoloration of the teeth.This condition is usually painless but unsightly.With regular dental examinations, conditions can be detected at an early stage. Protective mask may be useful, but control measures release of acid vapor is the only effective means of prevention of yellow phosphorus causes necrosis of the jaw bone, early stages are marked with a toothache and dental inflammation.
Causes of the disorders of the digestive system in terms of physical, eating soy beans in the processing stage can disrupt the digestive system because there are many other causes of germs that can cause diarrhea and other diseases as well as from the waste disposal itself can also cause odors that could cause nausea and vomiting for local workers.
Efforts to prevent occupational disease.
a. Substitution.
Ie replace hazardous materials with materials that are less harmful or not harmful at all, such as carbon tetrachloride is replaced with triklor-ethylene.
b. General ventilation.
Ie the air stream as much as possible according to the computation into work space, for which hazardous materials are lower levels of harm, namely the value of the threshold levels.
c. Ventilation local exit.
Is a tool that can suck the air from a particular workplace, for hazardous materials from the site can be streamed out.
d. Isolation
Is to isolate harmful corporate processes, such as isolation or frenzied machine so that the noise caused by decrease and not be a nuisance to the workers.
e. Protective clothing or equipment
Protective equipment on the job can be, goggles, masks, helmets, gloves, shoes or clothing specially designed for a specific job.
f. Examinations before work.
Ie health checks on prospective employees to determine whether prospective employees in accordance with the work that will be both physically and mentally.
g. Periodic health examination
Are medical examinations that are conducted regularly to the job, whether there are health problems arising from work performed. Can be done once every 6 months or 1 year, or as needed.
h. Illumination before work.
Lighting before the work is aimed for workers understand and comply with regulations, so that the work more carefully and not exposed to penykit caused by work.
i. Health education.
Health education of workers is essential to safety in working, so that workers remain vigilant in carrying out the work.
Conclusion
The health status of employees with a healthy work environment is a requirement that must be met to support a work environment that the health condition of course highly coveted by every worker, in order to feel comfortable in doing the job activity, and impaired respiratory system, Integumentary system and the digestive system can be avoided so that ultimately to improve the working produksifitas.
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